Journal club 1

• NO LAWS IN BIOLOGY - can always find exception
• how does a gene become fixed in the population
  • natural selection
    • lot of other facters that affect whether genes change, stick outind (genetic drift)
• eukaryotes - doesn't mind if genomes get bigger and bigger - non-functionalization, out of business
  • deleterious mutations become pseudogenized
• prokaryotes - reductive pressure, trying to make genome smaller, neofunctionalization, new function
• DDC - duplication, degeneration, complementation - subfunctionalization, split the function with paralogous
• cambrian explosion - weird body plans arthropods, four duplications of entire genomes, genomes suddenly becomes massive, probably
  • humans (metazoans) you normally see four copies of a given genes.
• danio rerio - engrailed genes - has two copies of every gene
• can often see gene fusion, never see gene fission
• molecular clock - rate of mutations is constant over time = NOT TRUE!
• "transcription" vs. "translation"
• many dift mechanisms to alow alleses to diversity, more than just point mutations that make it better
• frogs - tetraploid
• sex chromosomes are automatically heterchromatized
• quick way for organism to drug resistance adaptation, double gene the enzyme that degrades the compound.
• any animal that can self- pollinate can handle polyploidy - you don't have to find gametes
• it's all about the germ cell, it doesn't matter if it's in the soma
• gut flora, pan-genome
• bacteria really promiscuous in terms of DNA exchange.
• the logic of chance - eugene koonin
• artificial intelligence course.